EDUCATION IN TURKEY
Education in Turkey is governed by a national system which was established in accordance with the Atatürk Reforms after theTurkish War of Independence. It is a state supervised system designed to produce a skillful professional class for the social and economic institutes of the nation.
Until 1997 children in Turkey were obliged to take five years of education. The reforms 1997 introduced compulsory education for eight years. New legislation introduced in March 2012 prolonged compulsory education to 12 years. Primary and secondary education is financed by the state and free of charge in public schools, between the ages of 6 and 18, and by 2001 enrolment of children in this age range was nearly 100%. Secondary or high school education is mandatory, but required in order to then progress to universities. By 2011 there were 166 universities in Turkey. Except for the Open Education Faculty (Turkish: Açıköğretim Fakültesi) at Anadolu University, entrance is regulated by a national examination, ÖSS, after which high school graduates are assigned to university according to their performance.
The new system: 4+4+4 In March 2012 the Grand National Assembly passed new legislation on primary and secondary education usually termed as "4+4+4" (4 years primary education, first level, 4 years primary education, second level and 4 years secondary education). Children will begin their primary education in the first month of September following their sixth birthdays and will come to a close during the school year in which students turn 14 years old.
The primary education stages, which includes the first two stages of four years' education each, will entail four years of mandatory elementary education, followed by an additional mandatory four years of middle school education, in which students will be able to choose whether they want to study at a general education middle school or a religious vocational middle school, which are referred to as Imam Hatip schools. The new legislation includes the reopening of Imam Hatip middle schools. Primary education establishments will be set up separately as independent elementary schools and middle schools.
When the Justice and Development Party (AKP) come to power in 2002 only about 2 percent of eligible children attended clerical schools. Since then, the AKP has been determined to undo the effects of the 1997 reform. The idea is to revitalize middle schools and allow children to take a large number of elective options: in some cases, plumbing; in others, religious studies.
Pre-primary education Pre-Primary education includes the optional education of children between 36-72 month who are under the age of compulsory primary education. Pre-Primary education institutions, independent nurseries are opened as nursery classes and practical classes within formal and non-formal education institutions with suitable physical capacity Services related to Pre-Primary education are given by nurseries, kindergartens, practical classes opened first and foremost by the Ministry of National Education and by day-centers, nursery schools, day care houses, child care houses and child care institutions opened by various ministries and institutions for care or education purposes based on the provisions of ten laws, two statutes and ten regulations.
Primary Education Primary school (Turkish: İlköğretim Okulu) lasts 8 years. Primary education covers the education and teaching directed to children between 6-14, is compulsory for all citizens, boys or girls, and is given free of charge in public schools. Primary education institutions are schools that provide eight years of uninterrupted education, at the end of which graduates receive a primary education diploma. The first four years of the Primary School is sometimes referred to as "First School, 1. Level" (Turkish: İlkokul 1. Kademe) but both are correct.
There are four core subjects at First, Second and Third Grades which are; Turkish, Maths, Hayat Bilgisi (literally meaning "Life Knowledge") and Foreign Language. At Fourth Grade, "Hayat Bilgisi" is replaced by Science and Social Studies. The foreign language taught at schools changes from school to school. The most common one is English when some schools teach German, French or Spanish instead of English. Some private schools teach two foreign languages at the same time.
Earlier the term "Middle School" (tr: orta okul) was used for the three years education to follow the then compulsory five years at "First School" (tr: ilk okul). Now the second four years of primary education are sometimes referred to as "First School, 2. Level" (Turkish:İlkokul 2. Kademe) but both are correct. Already primary schools may be public or private schools. Public Schools are free but Private Schools' admission fees change from school to school. Foreign languages taught at Private Schools are usually at a higher level than at Public Schools for most Private Schools prefer hiring native speakers as teachers.
There are five core subjects at Sixth and Seventh Grades; Turkish, Maths, Science, Social Studies and Foreign Language. At Eighth Grade, Social Studies is replaced by History. The foreign language taught changes from school to school. The most common one is English when some schools teach German, French or Spanish instead of English. Some private schools teach two foreign languages at the same time.
Secondary Education Secondary education includes all of the general, vocational and technical education institutions that provide at least three years of education after primary school. Secondary education aims to give students minimum level of common knowledge, and to prepare them for higher education, for a vocation, for life and for business in line with their interests, skills and abilities. In the academic year 2001-2002 2.3 million students were being educated and 134,800 teachers were employed in 6,000 education institutions.
General secondary education covers the education of children between 15-17 for at least three years after primary education. General secondary education includes high schools, foreign language teaching high schools, Anatolia high schools, high schools of science, Anatolia teacher training high schools, and Anatolia fine arts high schools.
Vocational and technical secondary education involves the institutions that both raise students as manpower in business and other professional areas, prepare them for higher education and meet the objectives of general secondary education. Vocational and technical secondary education includes technical education schools for boys, technical education schools for girls, trade and tourism schools, religious education schools, multi-program high schools, special education schools, private education schools and health education schools.
Secondary education is often referred as high school education, since the schools are called lyceum (tr: lise).
In Public High Schools and Vocational High Schools, students attend six classes each day, which last for approximately 40 minutes each. In Anatolian High Schools and Private High Schools, the daily programme is typically longer, up to eight classes each day, also including a lunch period. All 9th graders are taught the same classes nationwide, with minor differences in certain cases. These classes are: Turkish language, Turkish literature, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geometry, World History, Geography, Religion & Ethics, Physical Education, a foreign language (in most cases English), a second foreign language (most commonly German but could be French, Italian, Japanese,Arabic, Russian, or Chinese).
When students enter the 10th grade, they typically choose one of four tracks: Turkish language–Mathematics, Science, Social Sciences, and Foreign Languages. In Vocational High Schools, no tracks are offered, while in Science High Schools only the Sciencetracks are offered. Different schools may have different policies; some, but not many, schools offer electives instead of academic tracks, giving students a wider range of options. For the 10th, 11th and 12th grade, the compulsory courses are: Turkish language, Turkish literature, Republican History and Religion & Ethics. In addition to that, students may be taught the following classes, depending on the track they choose and/or the high school they attend: Mathematics, Geometry, Statistics, Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Geography, Philosophy, Psychology, Sociology, Economy, Logic, Arts and Music, Traffic & Health, Computer, Physical Education, first and second foreign language.
The students used to be given a diploma for the academic track they had chosen, which gave them an advantage if they wanted to pursue their higher education in the corresponding fields, as the University Entrance Exam scores were weighted according to the student's track. (e.g. A Science student would have an advantage over a Turkish-Mathematics student when applying for Medicine). As of the 2010-2011 Educational Year, all high school students are given the standard High School Diploma.
At the end of high school, following the 12th grade, students take a High School Finishing Examination and they are required to pass this in order to take the University Entrance Exam and continue their studies at a university. There are four score types for different academic fields, including but not limited to:
· Turkish language–Mathematics: International Relations, Law, Education, Psychology, Economy, Business Management, and the like.
· Science: Engineering, Computer Science, Medicine, and other Science related professions.
· Social Sciences: History, Geography, and Education.
· Foreign Languages: Language/Linguistics and language teaching.
Universities Higher education includes all levels of institutions giving education past the secondary school level for a period of at least two years.
Higher education institutions include:
· Universities
· Faculties
· Institutes
· Higher education schools
· Vocational higher education schools
· Conservatories
· Application and research centers
In the academic year 2001-2002 there were 76 universities, 53 of which belonged to the state and 23 to foundations. In these institutions 66,700 personnel were working, 63,000 in state universities and 3,700 in others.
After the national university entrance examination organized by the national examing bodystudents, if they succeed, continue with their studies at a university.
Universities provide either two or four years of education for undergraduate studies, while graduate programs last a minimum of two years. Some universities also ask for an additional year of English preparatory study to be completed before the start of studies, unless an exemption examination is passed.
.
Düzenlemek için buraya tıklayın.